Restoration or Devastation?
A massive South Korean project to dam and dredge four major rivers has provoked bitter opposition from scientists and environmentalists
Both sides agree on one point: The project will dramatically transfor m the Han, Nakdong, Geum, and Yeongsan rivers. Four Rivers “will be an ecological disaster,” Jeung charged at a hearing in Seoul Administrative Court last month on an injunction to halt work on the South Han River. “[It] will be very beneficial for the environment,” countered Jae Park, an environmental engineer at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and a rare academic who openly supports the government position.
On 12 March, the cour t rejected the request for an injunction, but a suit to cancel the project is moving forward. Legal actions on the other rivers are pending. Winning even one of the suits “would be a major event in the history of the environmental movement in Korea,” says Lee Sang-don, a lawyer at Chung-Ang University in Seoul.
Landscape architects
Four Rivers is a pet project of South Korean President Lee Myung-bak, a former construction company executive nicknamed “the bulldozer” for his “can do” approach to engineering projects. one of Lee’s signature accomplishments in his previous role as mayor of Seoul was to demolish an elevated highway to revitalize the Cheonggyecheon River. The river is far from natural: Water is pumped in from the Han, and it flows through a concrete channel. But its walkways, landscaping, fountains, and illumination provide an oasis in what had been a grimy industrial area. When completed in September 2005, YEOJU, SOUTH KOREA—A wetland a couple of hours’ drive west of Seoul may be about as close as it gets to unspoiled nature in South Korea. Baweenupgoobi’s 230-plus hectares of sand dunes and gravel bars hug a bend in the South Han River, whose clear, shallow waters join the North Han and flow through Seoul. In winter, the wetland is etched with ponds and rivulets; summer rains swamp the land, as evidenced by debris lodged high in willows. The habitat offers a niche for migrating waterfowl and unusual plants, including a rare type of chrysanthemum. “These plants have evolved in harmony with seasonal flooding, and the wildlife have adapted to it,” says Jeung Mingull, an ecological geneticist at Kongju National University in Gongju.
But the harmony may not last. Dams now under construction will turn the South Han into a chain of lakes. one end of Baweenupgoobi, supposedly a protected natural heritage site, has been stripped of vegetation to prepare for dredging; much of the rest will be under water. “The government calls it ‘river restoration,’ ” scoffs Jeung. Environmentalists mock the phrasing by calling it “river killing.”
The ecological transformation extends far beyond Yeoju. Launched last November, the government’s Four Major Rivers Restoration Project calls for building 16 dams, dredging 570 million cubic meters of sand and gravel to deepen nearly 700 kilometers of riverbed, renovating two estuarine barrages, and constructing bike trails, athletic fields, and parks along the waterways. At $19 billion, it is one of the costliest engineering projects in the country’s history. And it is attracting fiery opposition, notably from the Professors’ Organization for Movement Against Grand Korean Canal (POMAC), a group of 2800 academics who accuse the government and supporters of twisting data and ignoring expert panel recommendations on issues such as water quality, flood control, rainfall patterns, and environmental impacts to justify a massive construction boondoggle.
CREDITS (TOP AND INSET): HANG JIN LEE
Unnatural development. Dams are displacing natural gravel bars (inset) on the South Han River.
the “restored” Cheonggyecheon was a huge hit with the public—and helped Lee win the 2007 presidential election.
One of Lee’s campaign pledges was to create a Pan Korea Grand Waterway by damming, dredging, straightening, and widening the Han and Nakdong rivers and connecting them by a canal carved through the peninsula’s central mountains. Barges, he said, would be able to move 540 kilometers between Seoul, in the country’s northwest corner, and Busan in the southeast. Lee promised that the waterway would take heavy trucks off roads, draw tourists to artificial lakes, and reinvigorate rural communities. Private investment and sales of dredged materials were supposed to cover the project’s cost.
Even before Lee took office on 25 February 2008, academics had challenged the data his team put forward to support the Grand Waterway. “It was truth versus falsehoods,” says Choe Young Chan, an agricultural economist at Seoul National University. Opposition mounted, and on 25 March, 2400 scientists, engineers, economists, and lawyers from the country’s universities converged on Seoul for the inaugural meeting of POMAC. Using members’ contributed expertise, the association pegged the project at double the cost that Lee estimated and found that sales of dredged materials would hardly make a dent in the cost. POMAC asserted that little freight moves between Seoul and Busan, and a survey of shippers turned up scant demand for a canal. The academics also questioned the project’s claimed benefits for drinking-water supplies, rural economies, and the environment.
Opponents got an unexpected boost a few weeks later when Lee announced that he would reopen South Korea’s market to U.S. beef imports, which had been banned during a mad cow disease scare. That spring, farmer and consumer g roups held candlelight protest vigils in major cities. Their ire expanded to encompass other unpopular policies, including the Grand Waterway. on 19 June, Lee announced he was abandoning the canal plan.
Six months later, in December 2008, Lee unveiled a new scheme: Four Major Rivers. The “multipur pose project” will control flooding, secure water supplies, and create lakes for water sports as well as riverside parks for 1700 kilometers of bike trails and recreational facilities, says Je Hae-Chi of the Four Rivers project office. The government estimates Four Rivers will generate 340,000 jobs and $35 billion in long-term economic benef its. After a 3-month environmental assessment last summer, Lee’s Grand National Party, which holds a majority in the National Assembly, pushed through enabling legislation. Lee wants the job f inished before his 5-year term ends in early 2013.
Backers see the project as fixing a natural imbalance. The peninsula’s seasonally shallow rivers and wide floodplains are a consequence of mountainous geography and weather patterns that bring two-thirds of annual precipitation during the summer. As a result, during winter, low water flows expose extensive gravel bars in riverbeds—“evidence of a water deficiency,” Je says. Dams will relieve flooding and water shortages, he says, by capturing water during the rainy season for release during dry months.
Touting the environmental benefits, Lee’s administration has wrapped the project in a green mantle. River restoration is the largest component of the government’s Green New Deal, a package announced in January 2009 to counter the economic downtur n with stimulus spending that promotes sustainable development (see sidebar, p. 1570). It’s “a totally different project” from Grand Waterway, says Hong Dong-gon of the Four Major Rivers project office.
On the ground. Activists use aerial photos to explain the impact of the Four Rivers plan.
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on March 25, 2010
CREDITS (TOP TO BOTTOM): ADPATED FROM BIRDS KOREA; D. NORMILE/SCIENCE
Dam country. Sixteen dams will transform South Korea’s four major rivers.
To POMAC, however, the new plan is the Grand Waterway resurrected. The canal link through the mountains is missing, Choe says, but otherwise “the number of dams and their sites and the amount of dredging remains the same.”
Opponents decry what they see as unnecessary tinkering with nature. There is no question that flooding occurs on small rivers and tributaries far upstream of the planned dam sites. Instead of f illing dams downstream and then building embankments and more dams on tributaries, as the government proposes, POMAC’s Park Chang-Kun, a civil engineer at Kwandong University in Gangneung, says upstream flooding could be controlled by selectively raising riverbanks and employing other watershed-management techniques. Cities along the four rivers do not face water shortages, adds Choe.
As for environmental impacts, a draft report from Birds Korea, a Busan-based environmental group, notes that Ministry of Environment data and independent surveys show that the shallow braided streams “support a higher density of waterbirds per hectare than river-impoundments.” The report concludes that habitat loss from Four Rivers will affect about 50 bird species, some considered threatened. Fish, amphibians, and reptiles will also be affected, Jeung says: “Many riverine species will disappear.”
NEWSFOCUS
More fundamentally, some aca
people to help us, and they might demics believe the plan reflects out
spend a week out of the year doing dated thinking about watershed man-
work for us. I’ve seen nothing like the agement. “The Four Rivers Project is
commitment of this group.” out of step with the way river manage-
Even in South Korea, “such ment is evolving in the developed
activism by academics is ver y world,” says G. Mathias Kondolf, a
unusual,” Jeung says. Politics often geomorphologist at the University of
divide the community, but on this issue California, Berkeley. He says plan-
the Lee administration’s policies “have ners in Europe and the United States
brought conservatives and progresnow aim to give rivers room to mean
sives together,” he says. They claim to der and flood. This approach is more
be reluctant activists. “I hate to do this; ecologically sound, Kondolf says, and
I still have to publish and teach,” Choe eliminates river maintenance imposed Differing views. Government official Hong Dong-gon (left) sees dams says. Lee Won Young, an urban planner by dredging and embankments. Pro-as a solution for flooding and water shortages; scientist Jeung Mingull at the University of Suwon in ject official Hong counters that based sees them as an environmental disaster. Hwaseong, says he got called before on their research and case studies of his university’s president to explain the rivers in South Korea, dams and dredging “is statements opposing the plan. And the time he has devoted to the cause. the best solution.” Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Korea pub-The outcome of the battle over Four
lished an instructional comic book that chal-Rivers is up in the air. The ruling Grand Reluctant activists lenges the government on the Four Rivers National Party has blocked hearings on the Experts who favor more ecological manage-Project for its “greed” and neglect of “the subject in the National Assembly. Last ment of South Korea’s rivers say their find-natural Created Order.” month, the Democratic Party held its own ings and recommendations have been steam-Amid this wave of opposition, POMAC hearings in which assembly member Kim rolled by an administration that, in Park has played a crucial role by assessing the Jinai outlined three scenarios for stopping Chang-Kun’s view, is “distorting scientific environmental and economic impacts of the the project. one is local elections in July; a data for political purposes.” But from the government’s plans, holding press confer-trouncing of the Grand National Party could government’s standpoint, Je says, “people are ences, and supplying the expertise underpin-convince some assembly members to cross in opposition for the sake of opposition.” ning the lawsuits. The multitude of scientists party lines on Four Rivers, he said. Another
The list of those in opposition is who have joined POMAC awes like-minded possibility is a construction-related disaster growing—and includes most of the public. colleagues in other countries. “There is a such as a spill of toxic chemicals that would In a survey last October, before construction long tradition of academics working with make going forward politically impossible. started, the Korea Society Opinion Institute environmental or community groups as The third barrier is the lawsuits. “I am confireported that 26.4% of respondents wanted advocates, but I have never seen any num-dent we will win the f inal decision,” says to see the Four Rivers Project canceled bers like these,” says Randolph Hester, an Lee. But the “very complicated litigation” immediately; another 73.5% wanted it post-environmental planner at the University of could last 2 years, he says. In the meantime, poned until there was a social consensus. California, Berkeley. The self-professed construction is going full throttle. Dozens of South Korean and international activist says that for community causes in –DENNIS NORMILE environmental organizations have issued the United States, “we can get three or four With reporting by Ahn Mi-Young in Seoul.
tion states: “UNEP Qualified Korea’s Epochal Green Growth Project, Korea
A ‘Green’ Blessing Raises Questions
will be newly born through the 4 Rivers Restoration Project!” SEOUL—South Korea’s controversial plan to transform the ecology of In an April 2009 UNEP report on the Global Green New Deal, economist four rivers has become an improbable poster child of the Green New Edward Barbier of the University of Wyoming in Laramie singled out South Deal movement. Korea’s green plans for special mention. But Barbier told Sciencethat he
In October 2008, the United Nations Environment Programme did not intend to highlight river restoration “as a good project or a bad launched an initiative to encourage governments then planning recession-project.” Nevertheless, South Korea’s Green New Deal continued to get fighting stimulus packages to support environmentally friendly projects glowing mentions in UNEP documents. For example, an update on world-and forge what UNEP called a “Global Green New Deal.” Three months wide green stimulus spending prepared for the G20 Pittsburgh Summit later, South Korean President Lee Myung-bak announced a Green New Deal meeting last September said South Korea stood out for the large percent-under which about 80% of a $38.1 billion stimulus package would go to age of its stimulus going to green investments and listed the Four Rivers eco-friendly projects. South Korea “grasped the nettle early on,” UNEP project as one of the key measures. spokesperson Nick Nuttall wrote in an e-mail to Science. Environmentalists seem to have finally gotten UNEP’s ear. A November
A huge chunk of South Korea’s Green New Deal spending—originally draft overview from UNEP on South Korea’s Green Growth vision notes that $10 billion, later increased to $19 billion—was budgeted for “river restora-the Four Rivers project is controversial and urges the country to assess and tion,” specifically the Four Major Rivers Project, an engineering scheme that mitigate potential impacts on wetlands. UNEP “seemed to back off from the critics charge is anything but friendly to the environment (see main text). [previous] endorsement of the [Four Rivers] project while saving face,” says Nevertheless, the Lee administration claims UNEP has given Four Rivers its G. Mathias Kondolf, a geomorphologist at the University of California, seal of approval. A press release from the Office of National River Restora-Berkeley. The final overview is due out next month. –D.N.
CREDITS (LEF TO RIGHT): D. NORMILE/SCIENCE; M. JEUNG
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on March 25, 2010
한국의 4대강에 대규모 댐 건설과 준설 사업이 과학자와 환경운동가로부터 강한 저항을 불러일으켰다.
사이언스 2010년 3월 26일, 제327호
데니스 노마일(Dennis Normile)
한국 여주 - 서울에서 서쪽에 차량으로 두 시간쯤이면 도달할 수 있을 정도로 한국에서 훼손되지 않은 한 습지가 있다. 사구와 자갈밭으로 이루어진 230헥타르가 넘는 바위늪구비는 남한강의 커다란 곡류 부분에 형성되어 있는데, 남한강의 얕고 맑은 물은 북한강과 합쳐서 서울을 지나 흐른다. 이 습지에는 겨울 동안 연못과 작은 개울이 흐르다, 여름에 내리는 비가 이곳을 물에 잠기게 하는데, 이를 증명하듯 버드나무 높은 가지에 쓰레기가 걸려있다. 이곳은 이동성 물새와 희귀한 국화과 식물 한 종을 비롯해 보기 드문 식물의 서식처가 된다. “이 식물들은 계절적인 범람에 조화를 이루도록 진화해왔으며, 야생동물들도 이에 적응해왔다”고 생태유전학자인 공주대학교 정민걸 교수가 말했다.
경관 건축가
4대강 사업은 과거에 건설회사 사장으로 있으며 “불도저”라는 별명으로 “하면 된다”는 방식으로 건설사업에 접근했던 이명박 대통령이 각별히 아끼는 사업이다. 서울시장 시절 그의 대표적인 성과 가운데 하나가 청계천 위의 고가도로를 없애고 청계천을 살린 것이었다. 청계천은 자연과는 거리가 멀다. 물은 한강에서 펌프를 통해 공급되며, 콘크리트 수로를 통해 흘러간다. 그렇지만 청계천의 산책로와 조경, 분수, 조명은 오염된 산업지역에 오아시스를 제공했다. 2005년 9월에 완공되자 “복원된” 청계천은 대중에게 큰 인기거리였으며, 그가 2007년 대통령 선거에서 이기는데 도움이 되었다.
마지못해 활동하는 운동가들
한국의 강이 보다 생태적으로 관리되어야 한다고 생각하는 전문가들은 자신들이 밝힌 내용과 권고 사항이 정부에 의해 묵살되었다고 말한다. 박창근 교수는 “정치적인 목적을 위해 과학적인 데이터를 왜곡한다”고 생각한다. 그러나 정부의 입장에서 제해치씨는 “사람들이 반대를 위한 반대를 하고 있다”고 말한다.
- 데니스 노마일(Dennis Normile)
서울의 안미영(Ahn Mi-Young)과 공동 기사 작성
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